白芍对雏鸭黄曲霉毒素B_1急性中毒的解毒实验的病理研究

一日龄北京雏鸭一次口服AFB_1 12和15微克/只,采用四种白芍制剂分别灌服进行防治。根据雏鸭死亡率,肝脏组织学病变等观察结果,表明白芍醇提物对雏鸭AFB_1急性中毒有明显缓解作用,白芍保健饮料“健康乐”的底料和药液缓解作用较差。     

大螟为害玉米的生物学特性与药剂防治试验

大螟在四川省雅安地区一年发生3—4代。越冬寄主植物已调查有5科21种,其中以高粱稿秆、玉米稿秆与川谷中较多。以四种不同植物饲养,其中以玉米饲养最宜,高粱饲养较差。分期播种玉米观察,以谷雨到芒种播种较宜,可躲避大螟为害。药剂防治以80%敌敌畏乳油1000倍液、25%亚胺硫磷400倍液或40%乐果乳油1000倍液防治效果较好。     

Human and ovine lentiviral infections compared

Maedi-visna virus (MVV) of sheep was the first lentivirus to be isolated. The genomic organization of MVV is very similar to that of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with several genes regulating the expression of the viral genome. Viral replication is severely restricted in the host and some cells apparently contain the genetic information in a DNA provirus form with little or no expression of viral antigens. This seems to be a major factor in causing the “slowness” of lentiviral infections and the persistence of the virus in the host since the immune system may not recognize the provirus-containing cells. The target cells for HIV and MVV are similar although T4 lymphocytes are not specifically destroyed in maedi-visna. There are also certain similarities in the pathological changes in both diseases, both in the central nervous system, the lungs and the lymphatic system. Although the severe final immunodeficiency state characteristic of AIDS has not been observed in maedi-visna, the basic biological features of the MVV and its interaction with host cells are so similar to HIV infection, that we consider ovine maedi-visna useful animal model for the human lentivirus infections.     

应用Le Bissonnais 法研究黄土丘陵区植被类型对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

植被类型直接影响土壤特性,对土壤团聚体的形成和稳定性有重要影响,水稳性团聚体是反映黄土高原土壤抗蚀性的最佳指标。本文选择黄土丘陵区延河流域作为研究区域,应用Le Bissonnais(LB)法和Yoder法测定了森林、森林草原两种植被类型下土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性,对比分析了LB法3种处理的结果,并计算土壤团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）和可蚀性因子K值。结果表明：在LB法3种湿润处理下,预湿后扰动处理（WS）对土壤团聚体结构的破坏程度最大,处理后土壤水稳性团聚体以<0.2 mm为主;快速湿润处理（FW）对团聚体的破坏程度次之;慢速湿润处理(SW)对团聚体的破坏程度最小,处理后土壤水稳性团聚体主要以>2 mm团聚体为主;说明黄土丘陵区延河流域土壤团聚体破坏的主要机制是气爆作用（消散作用）和机械扰动。LB法的3种处理结果中预湿后扰动的测定结果与传统的湿筛法（Yoder法）更接近。LB法包含Yoder法的基本原理,能够全面、准确的测定土壤团聚体结构,适宜作为黄土丘陵区土壤团聚体测定方法。森林植被类型的土壤团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）大于森林草原植被类型,而且SW>FW>WS,但可蚀性因子K值却是森林植被类型小于森林草原植被类型。土壤水稳性团聚体由小颗粒向大颗粒转变,土壤结构趋于稳定。不同植被类型下土壤有机质含量不同,土壤团聚体形成过程及土壤团聚度也有差异,因而造成土壤可蚀性和土壤抗蚀性能不同。     

浙南易蚀土壤的团聚体稳定性及其稳定机理

土壤团聚体的数量和稳定性是衡量土壤质量和可蚀性的重要指标。应用常规湿筛法和Le Bissonnais法测定了紫砂岩母质发育的柑橘园土壤团聚体稳定性,分析了土壤团聚体稳定性与胶结物质组成的关系。结果表明,供试土壤团聚体稳定性差异较大,湿筛法测定的水稳性团聚体MWD在0.75～3.49mm,MWD干筛-湿筛为0.15～2.89mm;Le Bissonnais法测定的水稳性团聚体平均MWD为1.57～3.12mm,其平均MWD与湿筛法测定的0.25mm团聚体含量、MWD、5～2mm团聚体破坏率和MWD干筛-湿筛呈极显著相关,表明两种方法测定的结果具有可比性;5～2mm土壤团聚体经快速湿润(FW)、慢速湿润(SW)和预湿后扰动(WS)3种处理后,团聚体崩解产物的MWD表现为FWSWWS,团聚体崩解产物的粒级分布随处理方式不同而不同,经快速湿润处理后,大多数团聚体崩解,崩解成较小粒径的水稳性团聚体,表明崩解的主要机制是由于团聚体内部的闭塞空气产生的压力引起的;土壤团聚体的稳定性指标与黏粒和游离氧化铁含量呈显著正相关,而有机质主要影响水稳定性团聚体的数量,它与土壤中MWD呈极显著正相关。     

相地合宜造园得体——北京农学院乐园景观设计

笔者针对小环境的特点,利用原地形及原有树木,充分考虑周边建筑的尺度及色彩,通过景观小品的过度和空间的渐进,创造出主题突出、内容丰富、功能合理和文化氛围浓厚的主要供师生学习、交流和休息的空间场所。     

黄土高原草地植被土壤团聚体特征与可蚀性分析

通过对黄土高原典型草地不同植被类型的土壤团聚体分布特征以及土壤可蚀性的分析,探讨了不同立地条件下土壤团聚体特征与土壤可蚀性之间的关系,以期为防止土壤侵蚀提供理论依据。结果表明：Le Bissonais法的3种处理,慢速湿润处理（SW）后土壤团聚体粒径主要为>2mm的大团聚体颗粒,预湿后扰动处理（WS）和快速湿润处理（FW）后团聚体粒径分布较均匀,<0.2mm粒径的团聚体颗粒占主要优势。土壤团聚体平均质量直径表现为SW >WS >FW,土壤可蚀性值K表现为WS >FW >SW,表明黄土丘陵区草地植被土壤团聚体破碎的机制主要是消散和机械破坏。不同立地条件下,对于慢速湿润处理,0～10cm土层阴梁峁坡、阴沟坡、阳沟坡的土壤团聚体平均质量直径显著高于梁峁顶和阳梁峁坡,阳梁峁坡和梁峁顶的土壤可蚀性值K显著低于阴梁峁坡、阴沟坡和阳沟坡,10～20cm也表现出相似的变化规律。阳梁峁坡和梁峁顶的土壤团聚体稳定性较低,土壤抗蚀性差,阴梁峁坡、阴沟坡和阳沟坡土壤的团聚体稳定性较好,土壤抗侵蚀能力较好。     

Physical properties of some intensively cultivated soils of Ireland amended with spent mushroom compost

In this paper, spent mushroom compost (SMC), a by‐product of the mushroom industry, is proposed as a suitable organic amendment for soil structure restoration. A 4‐month incubation pot trial was conducted in which fresh and composted SMC was amended at three different rates (50, 100 and 200 t ha⁻¹) to a range of structurally degraded tillage soils (n = 10). Soil OC content and aggregate stability as determined by the three disrupting tests of the Le Bissonnais method (fast‐wetting, slow‐wetting and mechanical breakdown) were investigated. Applications of 50, 100 and 200 t ha⁻¹ fresh SMC increased the OC content by 2·71 per cent, 2·69 per cent and 2·49 per cent respectively, while amendments of composted SMC increased the OC content by 3·28 per cent, 2·94 per cent and 2·87 per cent for each application rate, respectively. The effect of SMC on aggregate stability was generally positive and statistically significant in most soils. However, in soils 3 and 4 an application rate of 200 t ha⁻¹ SMC decreased the aggregate stability, on average, by 15 per cent, in comparison to the control, for the fast‐wetting test. Aggregate stability was strongly controlled by the inherent OC content of the study soils; that is, the OC content prior to SMC addition. A positive correlation coefficient was also evident for the dithionite‐extractable iron, most pronounced for slow‐wetting and mechanical breakdown treatments (r = 0·844 and r = 0·817 respectively). It is clear from this research that SMC amendments have the capacity to improve soil structural stability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同耕作措施对旱作农田土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性的影响

为了探明陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤水稳性团聚体崩解机制,以连续进行15年的不同耕作措施长期定位试验为研究对象,利用LB湿筛法(快速湿润法、慢速湿润法和预湿润后扰动法)和传统湿筛法探索了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作措施对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性的影响及其破坏机制。结果表明:不同耕作措施下,4种湿筛法处理后,0.25 mm非水稳性团聚体含量排序为:传统湿筛法快速湿润法预湿润后扰动法慢速湿润法;4种湿筛法处理后,团聚体平均重量直径排序为:慢速湿润法预湿润后扰动法快速湿润法传统湿筛法;不同耕作措施下,土壤团聚体相对崩解指数高于相对机械破坏指数。不同湿筛法处理后,在0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层均以NTS的水稳性团聚体含量和平均重量直径最高,且NTS处理的平均重量直径显著(P≤5%)高于NT和T处理;而10~30 cm土层,TS处理的水稳性团聚体含量和平均重量直径最高,且显著高于T处理的平均重量直径,但与NTS处理的平均重量直径无显著差异。不同耕作措施下的团聚体崩解指数和机械破坏指数均以T处理最高,NT次之,NTS处理最低。秸秆对0~5cm、5~10 cm、10~30 cm土层的团聚体崩解指数和机械破坏指数的降低均具有显著效应,而免耕仅在0~5 cm土层具有显著效应。因此,该区水稳性团聚体分散主要是由于水分入渗而引起的,且快速湿润时的破坏最大;同时,NTS处理可有效提升土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性,更有利于该区农田水土保持。     

快中子辐射对3种禾草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

本研究分析了14 Mev快中子辐射对羊草（Leymus chinensis）、无芒雀麦（Bromus inermis）和老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus）3种禾草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,快中子辐射对3种禾草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响不同。快中子辐射降低羊草种子的萌发能力并且抑制其幼苗生长,快中子辐射剂量越大,种子的发芽率、发芽指数、种子活力指数、幼苗苗高和根长减少的幅度越大,辐射剂量为3.54×1012个·cm-2时的发芽率为26.3%,仅为对照的40.65%。低剂量辐射提高无芒雀麦种子萌发能力,促进幼苗生长,而高剂量辐射抑制种子萌发及幼苗生长。在试验辐射剂量范围内老芒麦种子的发芽率随着辐射剂量的增加呈现先增大后降低的趋势（y=-2.775x2+14.245x+75.775,R2=0.638 1）,高剂量辐射提高种子活力并促进幼苗的生长。本研究初步认为,羊草和无芒雀麦适宜低剂量辐射处理,辐射剂量应小于3.60×1011个·cm-2,而老芒麦适宜高剂量辐射。